The Birth Of Criminology And The Early 19th Century

Since the birth of criminology in the late 19th century, dozens of theorists have offered different perspectives on the different aspects of crime. These theories have had a basis in a wide range of ideas, from biology to sociology, to psychology and even anthropological. Some of these theories have been said to withstand the test of time, and even been used as building blocks for newer theories. Others, however, have been deemed â€Å"bad† theories, or simply have not held up to the passage of time and rapid changes of modern society. The criteria for judging these theories varies. Determining which theory is best would be a difficult task; classifying one as a good theory also can be challenging. It has been said that to determine a good theory, two criteria should be met: the ability to be tested, and which best fits the evidence of research (Akers, 2000; Blalock, 1969; Gibbs, 1972). These are two of five criteria which often are applied in tandem in order to broaden the standards by which theories are judged. Together, the five characterizations are that the theory must be able to be tested, is most fitting to the current research, has sensitizing qualities, makes sense of positions which conflict, and that it be logically sound. This perspective also includes the popularity of a theory as a criteria. For the purpose of this paper, this criteria will not carry any significant weight. Additionally, standards which will be utilized include that the theory be open toShow MoreRelatedPositivism And Classical Crimino logy1069 Words   |  5 PagesIn Criminology there are two main approaches when talking about why criminals commit crime: positivism and classical criminology. Throughout the decades there have been many criminologists that debate this subject like positivist Cesare Lombroso who believed that criminals were less evolved than non-criminals and believed they had a more primitive mind. Whereas Bentham viewed all people as rational decision makers and created the pain-pleasure theory. In the Sage Dictionary of Criminology the definitionRead MoreEssay about Rendezvous Disciplines2796 Words   |  12 PagesRendezvous Discipline Criminology is known as a ‘Rendezvous’ discipline; discuss the meaning and validity of this label The purpose of this essay is to discuss the meaning and validity of the label criminology has as a ‘rendezvous discipline’. To do this, this essay illuminates where criminology originates from and what its primary focus is. The Chicago School, Lombrosian Theory, Positivist and Classical criminology, are discussed. Other disciplines namely Sociology, Psychology, and the CriminalRead MoreEssay about Criminological Theories1544 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different aspects of criminal justice policy. One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a capital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different categories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crimeRead MoreHistory Of Victimology A nd Its Impact On Society1885 Words   |  8 Pagesthese other disciplines is criminology. From his work, Vold (1958) was able to provide a framework for categorizing theories that relate to victimology. Within this paper the discussion will begin with the early spiritual explanations, followed by classical and positivistic explanations, as well as biological, and societal-based theories. Lastly, the future of victimology and its growth will be discussed. The first of these are the spiritual explanations that began in early civilizations. UnexplainableRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words   |  48 Pagesrelatively new academic discipline which evolved in the early 19th century. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance; political sociologyRead MoreJohn Wayne Gacy Jr.4936 Words   |  20 PagesCRJS 131-1A Criminology Key Graded Assignment – The Mind of a Killer Ernesto Argote Westwood College January 2012 Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior (Siegel 4). Criminology is not just understanding criminal actions but also studying how to correct and prevent crime, overall. There are five major Criminological theories, (1) Classical Theory, (2) Positivist Theory, (3) Marxist / Conflict Theory, (4) Sociological Theory, and (5) MultifactorRead MoreHistory of the Philippine Educational System6007 Words   |  25 Pagesthe Philippine Educational System Education in the Philippines evolved from early settlers to the present. Education in the country is in great importance because it is the primary avenue for upward social and economic mobility. Philippine educational system has a very deep history from the past in which it has undergone several stage of development going to the present system of education. Education from Ancient Early Filipinos The education of pre-Spanish time in the Philippines was informalRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 PagesCORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION CHIVAS GOCELA DULGUIME, R.C I. INTRODUCTION PENOLOGY - the study of punishment of crime. - a branch of Criminology dealing with prison management, and the deterrence and reformatory treatment of criminals. SOURCES OF THE TERM PENOLOGY: a. Peno was derived from Greek word â€Å"piono† and from the Latin word â€Å"poena†, both terms mean punishment. b. Logy was from the Latin word â€Å"logos†, meaning science. c. Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology dealsRead MorePopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay11795 Words   |  48 Pagesconnection in my hypothesis and also the counter arguments which give evidence against that of research which proves the link between violence and popular culture . A Brief History of Popular culture Historically (until the 19th century, at least) the term popular was quite a negative expression, with overtones of vulgarity and triviality. It was something not nice or respectable. In the modern world, the term means widespread, liked or at least encounteredRead MoreJuvenile Deliquency in Ibadan, Nigeria15127 Words   |  61 PagesTWO 2.0 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The intention of this chapter is to highlight the theoretical framework and literature review. Several theories have been identified has relevant and these are drawn through criminology, behavioural science, sociology, as well as environmental design and they include: a. social – disorganization / differential association b. crime prevention theory. 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK a. Social – disorganization / Differential association;

Malcolm X Thesis - 984 Words

Malcolm X The history of the United States has in it much separation or segregation due to race. For a long time our country has seen racism as a large problem and this has caused ethnic groups to be looked down upon or forced into a lifestyle of difficulties and suppression. Due to this, races, particularly African-Americans, have been forced to deal with unequal opportunity and poverty, leading to less honorable ways of getting by and also organizations that support change. Malcolm X is one strong example of a colored man who fell into this type of hate and acted against it, uniting people to promote the advancement of colored people and change. At a young age, Malcolm saw the ways in which blacks were seen as inferior, when†¦show more content†¦He is truly one of the symbol s who helps to promote this change and help black people of America to stop living lives that they are told are less meaningful, and forced to be unsuccessful in. Although many people may disagree with the exact teaching of Malcolm X and his views on the reasons that black people were struggling, his intentions to change the ways that black people were viewed was a strong turning point in the direction of the nation. His autobiography and experiences truly helped many white people and black people to see what had been happening to our society that they had been blinded by for so long, and gave us the opportunity to change this. Some ways our society is helping to change this is by improving welfare programs, providing additional aid for colored people to attend college, and requiring companies to employ a certain amount of minorities. Although racism still exists today, it is much less severe and active as it was back in the days of the life of Malcolm X. Malcolm X is certainly one of the most important catalysts for this change and his works should be known and appreciated by all who have been affected by this, or all who did not realize the extremity of the situation until he b rought it to theirShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X Thesis Paper1376 Words   |  6 Pageslifestyle of difficulties and suppression. Due to this, races, particularly African-Americans, have been forced to deal with unequal opportunity and poverty, leading to less honorable ways of getting by and also organizations that support change. Malcolm X is one strong example of an African American man who became apart of a group acted against it, uniting people to promote the advancement of colored people and change. Malcolms thoughts towards race and civil right in the previous years were displayedRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an i nsight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Malcolm X is misunderstoodRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1889 Words   |  8 PagesMalcolm X Outline A man who stands for nothing will fall for anything. Thesis Statement: Malcolm  X was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. Detractors accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy, anti-Semitism, and violence. Introduction I. Malcolm X opposed the mainstream civil rights movement, publicly calling for black separatism and rejecting nonviolence and integrationRead MoreEssay on The Radical Impact of Reading1585 Words   |  7 Pagesthe consumer. In â€Å"Learning to Read,† Malcolm X stressed that it was essential for him to learn to communicate more effectively. While trying to write a letter to someone he admired, Malcolm thought that the language he used in everyday life could not be applied to any kind of writing. Rather than creating a new genre to better suit his preferred dialect, Malcolm worried that the language he used â€Å"wasn’t even functional† and changed his vocabulary altogether (X 1). I had a similar realization whenRead MoreMalcolm X: Historical Perceptions3235 Words   |  13 PagesTHESIS The impetus for the development for this major work arose from the varied and largely, colorful interpretations of Malcolm X. The differences seem to have arisen from scholars and historians use and understanding of many different and varied sources and most important, their own perspective of the events as they unfolded. How historians approached Malcolm X is of paramount importance to future historians and more importantly, to the study of history. Principally, these differences of thoughtRead MoreEssay about Civil Rights Historiography3569 Words   |  15 Pagesultimately they all agree that it was a combination of the leadership of such figures as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, combined with the grassroots organizing done by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the support of a liberal coalition of Northern Whites that made the movement successful; furthermore, all of the authors can agree that no one—not King, Malcolm X, the SNCC, the Lowndes County F reedom Organization—possessed static views during the movement. Each leader, groupRead MoreAn Autopsy Of Nuwaubianism, Black Nationalism, And The Epistemological Concepts Surrounding Separatist Theory1300 Words   |  6 PagesAn Autopsy of Nuwaubianism, Black Nationalism, and the Epistemological Concepts Surrounding Separatist Theory Regina Farrell Professor Gregory Smithsimon May 17, 2017  Thesis The Black man has a long history of slavery, violence and general tension in the United States. Although there have been amendments to legislation to allow for some equality, there is still progress to be made. In the meantime, civil rights movements have given birth to organizations such as Nuwaubianism, that aim to keepRead MoreAuteur Theory Continues to be an Important Part of Filmmaking The auteur theory is an idea or600 Words   |  3 Pagesauteur theory truly is possible and the director that I chose for my thesis is Spike Lee. Spike Lee entered the film industry under a different light. He chose to go outside of just producing entertainment and instead create thought-provoking art. This decision, alone would cause Spike Lee to establish his own vision through his films. The two films, by Spike Lee that I chose for my thesis are â€Å"Do the Right Thing† and â€Å"Malcolm X†. Each of these films delivered a strong message, yet in two totallyRead MoreLiberty or Death1755 Words   |  8 PagesLiberty or Death â€Å"Liberty or death!† This phrase was used by both Patrick Henry and Malcolm X in their speeches. Even though these men gave their speeches almost two centuries apart their goal was the same. They both wanted to convince their audience to fight for freedom. Through the use of rhetorical strategies, Patrick Henry was successful in convincing the colonies to fight for their freedom from Britain and Malcolm X was successful in convincing African Americans to fight for their rights. To beginRead MoreThe Concept of Race in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain631 Words   |  3 Pagesissues with race, Fowler uses both stories of Mark Twain and Malcolm X, explaining how their backgrounds created racism based on the obstacles they faced in their lives. Fowler exemplifies Twain’s life as one of ordinary American youths growing up in the early 1800’s, in which the feeling of superiority over African-Americans was considered a normal thing, and shows this obstacle as something difficult to overcome. The exemplification of Malcolm X’s life is depicted as one of an angry man tired of being

Satire in Gulliver’s Travels Free Essays

Jonathan Swifts Gulliver’s Travels is an elaborate concoction of political allegory, moral fable, social anatomy, and mock Utopias set within a parody of both travel fiction and journals of scientific exploration. When it was finally taken as satire, critics began insisting that Swift was mad; they did not like what they saw in the satirical mirror. Swift knew that people would see everyone’s likeness but their own in this glass, so he wrote the character of Gulliver in a certain way in order to prevent the writing off of his actions as quirks. We will write a custom essay sample on Satire in Gulliver’s Travels or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gulliver visits four different societies in his travel, and upon his return home at the end, he cannot bring himself to rejoin society. The character of Gulliver will be examined in this section. Swift created him in such a way that the people of England could identify with him easily. He is a typical European: middle aged, well educated, has no overly romantic notions, is sensible, and conducts his affairs prudently. This section will look at the satirical aspects of the first book, where in Gulliver visits the land of Lilliput. Gulliver is a normal human being visiting a recognizably European society, but he is twelve times bigger than the lands inhabitants. The Lilliputians are as small morally as they are physically. They are petty and have arguments over aspects of life such as upon which end to break an egg: ?the king seemed to think nothing †¦ of destroying the Big-Endian exiles, and compelling that people to break the smaller end of their eggs; by which he would remain sole monarch of the world. ?.The Lilliputians are ordered to stand fifty feet away from Gulliver s house, unless they have a license whereby the secretaries of state got considerable fees. It is clear that the main satiric target in the first book is the pride Europeans take in public ceremonies and celebrations of power and magnificence: There’s an obvious silliness to the obsessions with these matters when the figures are only six inches high. Gulliver returns home and promptly sets out to sea once more. He comes across the island of Brobdingnag, and this section will deal with the various satirical aspects of that society. He has left a land of small people and has now found himself in the role of a Lilliputian: he is now twelve times smaller than those around him. This entire book serves to reflect on the obsession with physical beauty which has grabbed Europeans of Swift’s time. He is nauseated when he sees a woman with a cancerous breast; he notes that the flesh is full of holes into which he could have easily crept. When he is in a bedroom with a few maids of honor, he is disgusted when they begin to undress in front of him because of their size and physical grossness. The voice of Swift, behind Gulliver, is saying ?look at yourself, especially if you are a girl, and most especially if you think yourself lovely; excepting your size, in what way are you less vulgar than these Brobdingnagians The king of the Brobdingnagians also provides straightforward commentary on the Europeans Gulliver describes to him. Gulliver is the first to explain away the king’s criticisms. He says that the king cannot help thinking in such ways because he has been isolated his entire life and has certain prejudices and a narrowness of thinking. Because of this, Swift allows he to write the king openly criticizing the European way of life; to the untrained reader, the passage is taken as Gulliver takes it, which is as the product of a closed mind. The fourth book is perhaps the most important. This section will deal with the views expressed in Gulliver s journey to Houyhnhnmland. The Houyhnhnms are extremely rational horses who co-exist with entirely irrational human-monkey hybrids known as Yahoos. Swift uses the conflict between the actions of these two species to set forth the fact that humans tend to describe themselves in terms of Houyhnhnms but act more like Yahoos. This book deals with more philosophical issues such as the nature of man’s thought and the purpose of living. Again, Swift allows Gulliver to reveal the characteristics of Europeans. The reply he receives from the king of the Houyhnhnms is crushingly unflattering:?he looked upon us as a sort of animals to whose share, by what accident he could not conjecture, some small pittance of Reason had fallen, whereof we made no other use than by its assistance to aggravate our natural corruptions, and to acquire new ones which nature had not given us.?Through hi s interactions with the people of Houyhnhnmland, his objective perspective on society from the previous books is shattered; he begins to realize facts about human nature. This time, he agrees with the king of the Houyhnhnms about his countrymen: ?When I thought of my family, my friends, my countrymen, or human race in general, I considered them as they really were, Yahoos in shape and disposition, perhaps a little more civilized, and qualified with the gift of speech, but making no other use of reason than to improve and multiply those vices whereof their brethren in this country had only the share that nature allotted them.? Gulliver’s perspective and entire life are changed because of his episode with the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos. The fate of Gulliver is just as important as his journey in supporting Swift’s critical view of European life. This section will deal with what happens to him and why it occurs the way it does. When he returns home, he faints for over an hour after being embraced by his wife. He describes her as an ‘odious animal,’ decides that her presence is morally unbearable, and describes her as a Yahoo. He cannot bear the company of Europeans anymore. Gulliver shuns the culture which bred him: ?the many virtues of the Houyhnhnms placed in opposite view to human corruptions, had so far opened my eyes and enlarged my understanding, that I began to view the actions and passions of man in a very different light, and think the honor of my own kind not worthy managing.?From this realization on, he walks around trotting like a horse and spends four hours daily speaking to horses, trying to force himself to be thought of as a horse. So although he comes to understand humanity better than any of his peers, he actually loses his grip on reality. In other words, the Houyhnhnms’ society is perfect for Houyhnhnms, but it is hopeless for humans. Houyhnhnm society is, in stark contrast to the societies of the first three voyages, devoid of all that is human. How to cite Satire in Gulliver’s Travels, Papers

Why the drunk driving laws should be worse Essay Example For Students

Why the drunk driving laws should be worse Essay A.If you dont drink and drive, you are safe, right? Wrong. What if the person that swerves over the yellow line and hits you is drunk. Approximately 37% of alcoholic accidents are caused by repeat offenders. They shouldnt have so many chances, and to prevent this I believe the penalties for drunk driving should be more effective. There are some ideas to do so like lowering BACs, zero tolerance, booze it and lose it, and ALR. A.Here are some sobering statistics about drunk driving. 1.A drunk driver kills someone every 30 minutes. 2. A drunk driver injures someone every 2 minutes. 3.On weekends between 1:00 and 6:00 a.m., 1 in 7 drivers is drunk. 4. We will write a custom essay on Why the drunk driving laws should be worse specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now You have a 2 and 5 chance of being involved in a drunk driving accident. 5.Why have we let alcohol wreck so many lives? B.Drunk driving accidents are rated as one of the leading causes of death between the ages of 16-23. Why let it continue? C.Thirty-two states have set the BAC at . 10, although 16 states have lowered it to .08. Just the .02 that it is lowered by makes a big difference. By doing this it has a 10% reduction in alcohol crashes, deaths, and injury. With just these 16 states participating will lower 500 or 600 fatalities per year. D.Zero tolerance is a law making immediate suspension of the license of any driver, under 21, with any measurable amount of alcohol in their system. This has lowered drunk driving fatalities by one fifth. E.Another idea to reduce drunk driving, is the right to revoke a license if a driver fails a blood-alcohol test. This also reduces the number of fatalities. F.North Carolinas booze it and lose it, which includes all of the ideas present. Which, the effects have sky rocketed. III. You might not think that these laws are going to make a big enough difference to take the time to change and enforce these laws, by saving any is better than none. You might also say it doesnt effect you if you dont drink, but that is not true. All it takes is the wrong place at the wrong time. A.Just by adding these few laws like lower BAC, zero tolerance, administrative license revocation, or the booze it and lose it, lives can be saved. B.Being we are all potential victims, everyone can help by supporting community efforts, convey a good message, vote for foreign judges, and defend yourself by buckling up. Bibliography: .

Walk On The Wild Side Professor Ramos Blog

Walk On The Wild Side Have you ever heard the expression, don’t judge a book by its cover? You should not base buying a book on just an interesting image on the front of the cover but look at the books description when buying on-line. Jane Friedman a marketing analyst recommends â€Å"an author who wants to sell more books, may want to learn how to advertise through Amazon Marketing Service† (Friedman 52). Marketing tactics and strategies are designed to entice the potential buyer and draw them in to a must have attitude. The authors note is usually infused into the book’s description to give it a sense of credibility and give you a taste of what to expect. Into the Wild was written by Jon Krakauer to unravel the mystery of Chris McCandless’s death after his decomposed body was found in an abandoned bus in Alaska. Those who are interested in finding out what happened to McCandless would be the young men â€Å"who relate to complex bonds between father and son†, people wi th the mindset of wanting to partake in high risk activities or those who just want to simply compare the book to the movie will be lured to the buy of this bestseller (Krakauer 2). The ghost writer’s main focus in the book description is to make the book sound interesting enough to buy it but the writer takes it a step further using rhetoric to appeal to the audience’s emotions through pathos, logos and ethos. The description of Jon Krakauer’s book Into the Wild conveys a tone of mystery and intrigue, joyfulness, and extreme sadness. Marketing services like Amazon have used marketing strategies to sell books online for many years. The use of rhetorical techniques in the book description of Into the Wild is to entice the consumer to purchase the book but being aware of the different appeals that are used in the book description will help the consumer make a conscientious choice before purchasing the book. The ghost writer uses text from the book, to strategically use pathos to play on the audience’s emotions. In the first paragraph the text appeals to the reader’s sympathy and curiosity, having the reader’s wonder what happened to McCandless so long ago. A mysterious, suspenseful tone describes, a family background, what Christopher did before his death, and how his decomposed body was found. The purpose of this is to draw the reader in and make them aware that the book is based on a true story. This would attract an audience who is interested in reading non-fiction genre, also ignite the curiosity of the reader who may have heard about Christopher McCandless’s death. Therefore, the book would shed some light on what happened. The writer’s gives his thesis stating, â€Å"how McCandless came to die is the unforgettable story of Into the Wild†, this confirms the tragic event that had happened to a once promising young man and entices the audience to read a story that they would enjoy and always remember (Amazon.com). The following paragraph introduces factual evidence of McCandless’s life. He is described as â€Å"an educated, young man from a well-to-do family† (Krakauer 1). Leaving behind his family because of issues created by his father, â€Å"he gives away his money to charity, abandons his car in the desert and gives up most of his possession to create a new identity for himself† (Krakauer 1). McCandless aka Alexander Supertramp ventures off into a carefree lifestyle with one thing in mind, to echo his life to his heroes Jack London and John Muir. The text gives substance to Christopher’s character and serves a purpose to intrigue readers with similar ideas of leaving behind the chains of society and vanish into a life of adventure. Glass Stephan wrote in State of Nature that he and his friends â€Å"admired the pure way Alex lived out his wanderlust and desire to be in nature. Briefly he lived my fantasy and dream of leaving New York and living among the caribou† (Glass 42). The author sets a joyous and celebrative tone describing McCandless’s conquest of breaking free from the rules of society, shedding his exterior, and creating a new life for himself through a journey of self-awareness and discovery of one’s own strength and vulnerability. The introduction of Jon Krakauer, author of Into the Wild, is the focus of the third paragraph. Jon Krakauer being an Academy Award winner in literature, a writer for Outside magazine, and experienced mountaineer gives credibility to the book description. Through his own personal endeavors, he relates to McCandless in a way that allows him to arise like no other to the challenge of telling Christopher McCandless story. According to the writer of the book description Jon Krakauer constructs a clarifying prism through which he reassembles the disquieting facts of McCandless’s short life† (Amazon .com). The informal tone suggests the purpose of this part of this introduction to the author is to connect the readers to the author and acknowledge his investigative journalistic skills. The writer writes that â€Å"Krakauer take an inherently compelling mystery and unravels the larger riddles it holds: the profound pull of the American wilderness on our imagination; the allure of high-risk activities to young men and the complex charged bond between fathers and sons† (Amazon.com). The impact that ethos has on the audience is quiet alluring. The writer targets a specific group of readers that are be able to relate to Krakauer or who understand to Christopher McCandless’s attraction to the wilderness. In the final paragraph of the book description the writer returns to the use of pathos and appeals to the reader’s empathetic sentiments by humanizing McCandless. The writer uses a sad tone depicting Christopher McCandless as a typical human being who makes mistakes like everyone else, who did not wish to die but simply live his life by his own rules. In the book description the writer states â€Å"when McCandless innocent mistakes turn out to be irreversible and fatal, he becomes the stuff of tabloid headlines and dismissed for his naivete, pretensions, and hubris. He is said to have had a death wish but wanting to die is a very different thing from being compelled to look over the edged† (Amazon.com). The purpose is to persuade the readers to have compassion and feel sympathy for the death of McCandless. The impact on the audience is permanent and those whose curiosity wants to discover what lies in the pages of the book are drawn to the purchase. In summary Amazon Marketing Services helps vendors standout against their competitors and drive traffic to their book description pages. The authors in our textbook claim that â€Å"most of the nonliterary material that you will read is designed to argue, report, or to do both† (Barnet et al.180). The author of the book description for Into the Wild effectively blends rhetorical strategies such as pathos, logos and ethos to persuade the audience to buy the book. The book description is directed toward a specific audience. The type of genre and emotional appeal play in an important role in the writing of the book description. Marketing analyst Jane Friedman writes in her article that it is important â€Å"to know enough about your target readers to understand how they discover books to read† (Friedman 52). The incorporation of different tones throughout the book description helped set an emotional mood, delivers facts about McCandless and conveys credibility of the author. The authors of our textbook claim for analyzing a text is to consider â€Å"what appeals does the author make to reason, to emotion and to the sense that the speaker is trustworthy† (Barnet et al.181). The ability of being able to recognize rhetorical strategies used in the book’s description will help the consumer when purchasing their next book online and give them a sense of confidence that they made the right choice for their reading pleasure. WORKS CITED Barnet, Sylvan, et al. From Critical Thinking to Argument. Boston, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2017 Friedman, Jane. â€Å"Reducing Marketing Anxiety and Confusion.†Publishers Weekly, vol. 266, no. 4, Jan. 2019, pp. 52–53. Glass, Stephen. â€Å"State of Nature.†New Republic, vol. 218, no. 3, Jan. 1998, p. 42 Into the Wild. Amazon. 20 Jan. 1997, https://www.amazon.com/Into-Wild-Jon-Krakauer/dp/0385486804 Krakauer, Jon. Into the Wild. New York, Anchor Books A Division of Random House, Inc,1997. Book Description In April 1992 a young man from a well-to-do family hitchhiked to Alaska and walked alone into the wilderness north of Mt. McKinley. His name was Christopher Johnson McCandless. He had given $25,000 in savings to charity, abandoned his car and most of his possessions, burned all the cash in his wallet, and invented a new life for himself. Four months later, his decomposed body was found by a moose hunter.  Ã‚  How McCandless came to die is the unforgettable story of  Into the Wild. Immediately after graduating from college in 1991, McCandless had roamed through the West and Southwest on a vision quest like those made by his heroes Jack London and John Muir.  Ã‚  In the Mojave Desert he abandoned his car, stripped it of its license plates, and burned all of his  cash.  Ã‚  He would give himself a new name, Alexander Supertramp, and, unencumbered by money and belongings, he would be free to wallow in the raw, unfiltered experiences that nature presented.  Ã‚  Craving a blan k spot on the map, McCandless simply threw the maps away.  Ã‚  Leaving behind his desperate parents and sister, he vanished into the wild. Jon Krakauer constructs a clarifying prism through which he reassembles the disquieting facts of McCandlesss short life.Admitting an interest that borders on obsession, he searches for the clues to the dries and desires that propelled McCandless.Digging deeply, he takes an inherently compelling mystery and unravels the larger riddles it holds: the profound pull of the American wilderness on our imagination; the allure of high-risk activities to young men of a certain cast of mind; the complex, charged bond between fathers and sons. When McCandlesss innocent mistakes turn out to be irreversible and fatal, he becomes the stuff of tabloid headlines and is dismissed for his naivetà ©, pretensions, and hubris.He is saidto have had a death wish but wanting to die is a very different thing from being compelled to look over the edge. Krakauer brings McCandlesss uncompromising pilgrimage out of the shadows, and the peril, adversity, and renunciation sought by this enigmatic young man are illuminated with a rare understandingand not an ounce of sentimentality. Mesmerizing, heartbreaking,Into the Wildis atour de force. The power and luminosity of Jon Krakauers storytelling blaze through every page.

Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve

Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that most commonly replicate by the asexual process of binary fission. These microbes reproduce rapidly at an exponential rate under favorable conditions. When grown in culture, a predictable pattern of growth in a bacterial population occurs. This pattern can be graphically represented as the number of living cells in a population over time and is known as a bacterial growth curve. Bacterial growth cycles in a growth curve consist of four phases: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death. Key Takeaways: Bacterial Growth Curve The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time.There are four distinct phases of the growth curve: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death.The initial phase is the lag phase where bacteria are metabolically active but not dividing.The exponential or log phase is a time of exponential growth.In the stationary phase, growth reaches a plateau as the number of dying cells equals the number of dividing cells.The death phase is characterized by an exponential decrease in the number of living cells. Bacteria require certain conditions for growth, and these conditions are not the same for all bacteria. Factors such as oxygen, pH, temperature, and light influence microbial growth. Additional factors include osmotic pressure, atmospheric pressure, and moisture availability. A bacterial populations generation time, or time it takes for a population to double, varies between species and depends on how well growth requirements are met. Phases of the Bacterial Growth Cycle The bacterial growth curve represents the number of living cells in a population over time. Michal Komorniczak/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 In nature, bacteria do not experience perfect environmental conditions for growth. As such, the species that populate an environment change over time. In a laboratory, however, optimal conditions can be met by growing bacteria in a closed culture environment. It is under these conditions that the curve pattern of bacterial growth can be observed. The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time. Lag Phase: This initial phase is characterized by cellular activity but not growth. A small group of cells are placed in a nutrient rich medium that allows them to synthesize proteins and other molecules necessary for replication. These cells increase in size, but no cell division occurs in the phase.Exponential (Log) Phase: After the lag phase, bacterial cells enter the exponential or log phase. This is the time when the cells are dividing by binary fission and doubling in numbers after each generation time. Metabolic activity is high as DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and other substances necessary for growth are generated for division. It is in this growth phase that antibiotics and disinfectants are most effective as these substances typically target bacteria cell walls or the protein synthesis processes of DNA transcription and RNA translation.Stationary Phase: Eventually, the population growth experienced in the log phase begins to decline as the available nutrients become depl eted and waste products start to accumulate. Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau, or stationary phase, where the number of dividing cells equal the number of dying cells. This results in no overall population growth. Under the less favorable conditions, competition for nutrients increases and the cells become less metabolically active. Spore forming bacteria produce endospores in this phase and pathogenic bacteria begin to generate substances (virulence factors) that help them survive harsh conditions and consequently cause disease. Death Phase: As nutrients become less available and waste products increase, the number of dying cells continues to rise. In the death phase, the number of living cells decreases exponentially and population growth experiences a sharp decline. As dying cells lyse or break open, they spill their contents into the environment making these nutrients available to other bacteria. This helps spore producing bacteria to survive long enough for spore production. Spores are able to survive the harsh conditions of the death phase and become growing bacteria when placed in an environment that supports life. Bacterial Growth and Oxygen Campylobacter jejuni, shown here, is a microaerophilic organism requiring reduced levels of oxygen. C. jejuni is the bacterium which causes gastroenteritis. Henrik Sorensen/The Image Bank/Getty Images Bacteria, like all living organisms, require an environment that is suitable for growth. This environment must meet several different factors that support bacterial growth. Such factors include oxygen, pH, temperature, and light requirements. Each of these factors may be different for different bacteria and limit the types of microbes that populate a particular environment. Bacteria can be categorized based on their oxygen requirement or tolerance levels. Bacteria that can not survive without oxygen are known as obligate aerobes. These microbes are dependent upon oxygen, as they convert oxygen to energy during cellular respiration. Unlike bacteria that require oxygen, other bacteria can not live in its presence. These microbes are called obligate anaerobes and their metabolic processes for energy production are halted in the presence of oxygen. Other bacteria are facultative anaerobes and can grow with or without oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, they utilize either fermentation or anaerobic respiration for energy production. Aerotolerant anerobes utilize anaerobic respiration but are not harmed in the presence of oxygen. Microaerophilic bacteria require oxygen but only grow where oxygen concentration levels are low. Campylobacter jejuni is an example of a microaerophilic bacterium that lives in the digestive tract of animals and is a major cause of foodborne illness in humans. Bacterial Growth and pH Helicobacter pylori are microaerophilic bacteria found in the stomach. They are neutrophiles that secrete an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid. Science Picture Co/Getty Images Another important factor for bacterial growth is pH. Acidic environments have pH values that are less that 7, neutral environments have values at or near 7, and basic environments have pH values greater than 7. Bacteria that are acidophiles thrive in areas where the pH is less than 5, with an optimal growth value close to a pH of 3. These microbes can be found in locations such as hot springs and in the human body in acidic areas such as the vagina. The majority of bacteria are neutrophiles and grow best in sites with pH values close to 7. Helicobacter pylori is an example of a neutrophile that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach. This bacterium survives by secreting an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid in the surrounding area. Alkaliphiles grow optimally at pH ranges between 8 and 10. These microbes thrive in basic environments such as alkaline soils and lakes. Bacterial Growth and Temperature New Zealands Champagne Pool is a hot spring that contains a community of thermophilic and acidophilic microorganisms whose distribution relates to the temperature and chemical environment. Simon Hardenne/Biosphoto/Getty Images Temperature is another important factor for bacterial growth. Bacteria that grow best in cooler environments are called psycrophiles. These microbes prefer temperatures ranging between 4 °C and 25 °C (39 °F and 77 °F). Extreme psycrophiles thrive in temperatures below 0 °C/32 °F and can be found in places such as arctic lakes and deep ocean waters. Bacteria that thrive in moderate temperatures (20-45 °C/68-113 °F) are called mesophiles. These include bacteria that are part of the human microbiome which experience optimum growth at or near body temperature (37 °C/98.6 °F). Thermophiles grow best in hot temperatures (50-80 °C/122-176 °F) and can be found in hot springs and geothermal soils. Bacteria that favor extremely hot temperatures (80 °C-110 °C/122-230 °F) are called hyperthermophiles. Bacterial Growth and Light Cyanobacteria (blue) are photosynthesizing bacteria that are found in most habitats where water is present. Several spores (pink) are also seen. Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Some bacteria require light for growth. These microbes have light-capturing pigments that are able to gather light energy at certain wavelengths and convert it to chemical energy. Cyanobacteria are examples of photoautotrophs that require light for photosynthesis. These microbes contain the pigment chlorophyll for light absorption and oxygen production through photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria live in both land and aquatic environments and can also exist as phytoplankton living in symbiotic relationships with fungi (lichen), protists, and plants.   Other bacteria, such as purple and green bacteria, do not produce oxygen and utilize sulfide or sulfur for photosynthesis. These bacteria contain bacteriochlorophyll, a pigment capable of absorbing shorter wavelengths of light than chlorophyll. Purple and green bacteria inhabit deep aquatic zones. Sources Jurtshuk, Peter. Bacterial Metabolism. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1996, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7919/. Parker, Nina, et al. Microbiology. OpenStax, Rice University, 2017.Preiss, et al. Alkaliphilic Bacteria with Impact on Industrial Applications, Concepts of Early Life Forms, and Bioenergetics of ATP Synthesis. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Frontiers, 10 May 2015, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00075/full.

Explain the scientific method and scientism. What are the criticisms Essay

Explain the scientific method and scientism. What are the criticisms of scientism Are they effectrive - Essay Example Scientism, therefore, involves having the strong perception and belief in sciences and its outcomes. This paper seeks to discuss scientism basing on the critiques of the scientific method. Scientism gets the definition by critiques as a provisional worldview based on the realism of the universe and its significance. Most critiques argue that scientism seeks to derail humanity through questioning the boundaries about nature that science has already created (Black, 2009). This, in an example, means that although there exists many and different species of human in the globe, scientism focuses on their beliefs. It is in this respect, an individual can presume that scientism is focused on restricting human inquiry. Scientism, therefore, does not consider the improvement of live through science but rather question the idea of life itself (Margolis, 2003). Other critiques, moreover, put forward that even science itself cannot critique any aspects of the philosophy of scientism. This develops after one accepts that it is only through science that man gains knowledge. Summarily, these critiques of scientism are effective since they point out how the philosophy of scientism limits human inquiry. This means that when one shares the perspectives of scientism, they cannot have the zeal for further inquiry about