Walk On The Wild Side Professor Ramos Blog

Walk On The Wild Side Have you ever heard the expression, don’t judge a book by its cover? You should not base buying a book on just an interesting image on the front of the cover but look at the books description when buying on-line. Jane Friedman a marketing analyst recommends â€Å"an author who wants to sell more books, may want to learn how to advertise through Amazon Marketing Service† (Friedman 52). Marketing tactics and strategies are designed to entice the potential buyer and draw them in to a must have attitude. The authors note is usually infused into the book’s description to give it a sense of credibility and give you a taste of what to expect. Into the Wild was written by Jon Krakauer to unravel the mystery of Chris McCandless’s death after his decomposed body was found in an abandoned bus in Alaska. Those who are interested in finding out what happened to McCandless would be the young men â€Å"who relate to complex bonds between father and son†, people wi th the mindset of wanting to partake in high risk activities or those who just want to simply compare the book to the movie will be lured to the buy of this bestseller (Krakauer 2). The ghost writer’s main focus in the book description is to make the book sound interesting enough to buy it but the writer takes it a step further using rhetoric to appeal to the audience’s emotions through pathos, logos and ethos. The description of Jon Krakauer’s book Into the Wild conveys a tone of mystery and intrigue, joyfulness, and extreme sadness. Marketing services like Amazon have used marketing strategies to sell books online for many years. The use of rhetorical techniques in the book description of Into the Wild is to entice the consumer to purchase the book but being aware of the different appeals that are used in the book description will help the consumer make a conscientious choice before purchasing the book. The ghost writer uses text from the book, to strategically use pathos to play on the audience’s emotions. In the first paragraph the text appeals to the reader’s sympathy and curiosity, having the reader’s wonder what happened to McCandless so long ago. A mysterious, suspenseful tone describes, a family background, what Christopher did before his death, and how his decomposed body was found. The purpose of this is to draw the reader in and make them aware that the book is based on a true story. This would attract an audience who is interested in reading non-fiction genre, also ignite the curiosity of the reader who may have heard about Christopher McCandless’s death. Therefore, the book would shed some light on what happened. The writer’s gives his thesis stating, â€Å"how McCandless came to die is the unforgettable story of Into the Wild†, this confirms the tragic event that had happened to a once promising young man and entices the audience to read a story that they would enjoy and always remember (Amazon.com). The following paragraph introduces factual evidence of McCandless’s life. He is described as â€Å"an educated, young man from a well-to-do family† (Krakauer 1). Leaving behind his family because of issues created by his father, â€Å"he gives away his money to charity, abandons his car in the desert and gives up most of his possession to create a new identity for himself† (Krakauer 1). McCandless aka Alexander Supertramp ventures off into a carefree lifestyle with one thing in mind, to echo his life to his heroes Jack London and John Muir. The text gives substance to Christopher’s character and serves a purpose to intrigue readers with similar ideas of leaving behind the chains of society and vanish into a life of adventure. Glass Stephan wrote in State of Nature that he and his friends â€Å"admired the pure way Alex lived out his wanderlust and desire to be in nature. Briefly he lived my fantasy and dream of leaving New York and living among the caribou† (Glass 42). The author sets a joyous and celebrative tone describing McCandless’s conquest of breaking free from the rules of society, shedding his exterior, and creating a new life for himself through a journey of self-awareness and discovery of one’s own strength and vulnerability. The introduction of Jon Krakauer, author of Into the Wild, is the focus of the third paragraph. Jon Krakauer being an Academy Award winner in literature, a writer for Outside magazine, and experienced mountaineer gives credibility to the book description. Through his own personal endeavors, he relates to McCandless in a way that allows him to arise like no other to the challenge of telling Christopher McCandless story. According to the writer of the book description Jon Krakauer constructs a clarifying prism through which he reassembles the disquieting facts of McCandless’s short life† (Amazon .com). The informal tone suggests the purpose of this part of this introduction to the author is to connect the readers to the author and acknowledge his investigative journalistic skills. The writer writes that â€Å"Krakauer take an inherently compelling mystery and unravels the larger riddles it holds: the profound pull of the American wilderness on our imagination; the allure of high-risk activities to young men and the complex charged bond between fathers and sons† (Amazon.com). The impact that ethos has on the audience is quiet alluring. The writer targets a specific group of readers that are be able to relate to Krakauer or who understand to Christopher McCandless’s attraction to the wilderness. In the final paragraph of the book description the writer returns to the use of pathos and appeals to the reader’s empathetic sentiments by humanizing McCandless. The writer uses a sad tone depicting Christopher McCandless as a typical human being who makes mistakes like everyone else, who did not wish to die but simply live his life by his own rules. In the book description the writer states â€Å"when McCandless innocent mistakes turn out to be irreversible and fatal, he becomes the stuff of tabloid headlines and dismissed for his naivete, pretensions, and hubris. He is said to have had a death wish but wanting to die is a very different thing from being compelled to look over the edged† (Amazon.com). The purpose is to persuade the readers to have compassion and feel sympathy for the death of McCandless. The impact on the audience is permanent and those whose curiosity wants to discover what lies in the pages of the book are drawn to the purchase. In summary Amazon Marketing Services helps vendors standout against their competitors and drive traffic to their book description pages. The authors in our textbook claim that â€Å"most of the nonliterary material that you will read is designed to argue, report, or to do both† (Barnet et al.180). The author of the book description for Into the Wild effectively blends rhetorical strategies such as pathos, logos and ethos to persuade the audience to buy the book. The book description is directed toward a specific audience. The type of genre and emotional appeal play in an important role in the writing of the book description. Marketing analyst Jane Friedman writes in her article that it is important â€Å"to know enough about your target readers to understand how they discover books to read† (Friedman 52). The incorporation of different tones throughout the book description helped set an emotional mood, delivers facts about McCandless and conveys credibility of the author. The authors of our textbook claim for analyzing a text is to consider â€Å"what appeals does the author make to reason, to emotion and to the sense that the speaker is trustworthy† (Barnet et al.181). The ability of being able to recognize rhetorical strategies used in the book’s description will help the consumer when purchasing their next book online and give them a sense of confidence that they made the right choice for their reading pleasure. WORKS CITED Barnet, Sylvan, et al. From Critical Thinking to Argument. Boston, Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2017 Friedman, Jane. â€Å"Reducing Marketing Anxiety and Confusion.†Publishers Weekly, vol. 266, no. 4, Jan. 2019, pp. 52–53. Glass, Stephen. â€Å"State of Nature.†New Republic, vol. 218, no. 3, Jan. 1998, p. 42 Into the Wild. Amazon. 20 Jan. 1997, https://www.amazon.com/Into-Wild-Jon-Krakauer/dp/0385486804 Krakauer, Jon. Into the Wild. New York, Anchor Books A Division of Random House, Inc,1997. Book Description In April 1992 a young man from a well-to-do family hitchhiked to Alaska and walked alone into the wilderness north of Mt. McKinley. His name was Christopher Johnson McCandless. He had given $25,000 in savings to charity, abandoned his car and most of his possessions, burned all the cash in his wallet, and invented a new life for himself. Four months later, his decomposed body was found by a moose hunter.  Ã‚  How McCandless came to die is the unforgettable story of  Into the Wild. Immediately after graduating from college in 1991, McCandless had roamed through the West and Southwest on a vision quest like those made by his heroes Jack London and John Muir.  Ã‚  In the Mojave Desert he abandoned his car, stripped it of its license plates, and burned all of his  cash.  Ã‚  He would give himself a new name, Alexander Supertramp, and, unencumbered by money and belongings, he would be free to wallow in the raw, unfiltered experiences that nature presented.  Ã‚  Craving a blan k spot on the map, McCandless simply threw the maps away.  Ã‚  Leaving behind his desperate parents and sister, he vanished into the wild. Jon Krakauer constructs a clarifying prism through which he reassembles the disquieting facts of McCandlesss short life.Admitting an interest that borders on obsession, he searches for the clues to the dries and desires that propelled McCandless.Digging deeply, he takes an inherently compelling mystery and unravels the larger riddles it holds: the profound pull of the American wilderness on our imagination; the allure of high-risk activities to young men of a certain cast of mind; the complex, charged bond between fathers and sons. When McCandlesss innocent mistakes turn out to be irreversible and fatal, he becomes the stuff of tabloid headlines and is dismissed for his naivetà ©, pretensions, and hubris.He is saidto have had a death wish but wanting to die is a very different thing from being compelled to look over the edge. Krakauer brings McCandlesss uncompromising pilgrimage out of the shadows, and the peril, adversity, and renunciation sought by this enigmatic young man are illuminated with a rare understandingand not an ounce of sentimentality. Mesmerizing, heartbreaking,Into the Wildis atour de force. The power and luminosity of Jon Krakauers storytelling blaze through every page.

Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve

Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that most commonly replicate by the asexual process of binary fission. These microbes reproduce rapidly at an exponential rate under favorable conditions. When grown in culture, a predictable pattern of growth in a bacterial population occurs. This pattern can be graphically represented as the number of living cells in a population over time and is known as a bacterial growth curve. Bacterial growth cycles in a growth curve consist of four phases: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death. Key Takeaways: Bacterial Growth Curve The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time.There are four distinct phases of the growth curve: lag, exponential (log), stationary, and death.The initial phase is the lag phase where bacteria are metabolically active but not dividing.The exponential or log phase is a time of exponential growth.In the stationary phase, growth reaches a plateau as the number of dying cells equals the number of dividing cells.The death phase is characterized by an exponential decrease in the number of living cells. Bacteria require certain conditions for growth, and these conditions are not the same for all bacteria. Factors such as oxygen, pH, temperature, and light influence microbial growth. Additional factors include osmotic pressure, atmospheric pressure, and moisture availability. A bacterial populations generation time, or time it takes for a population to double, varies between species and depends on how well growth requirements are met. Phases of the Bacterial Growth Cycle The bacterial growth curve represents the number of living cells in a population over time. Michal Komorniczak/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 In nature, bacteria do not experience perfect environmental conditions for growth. As such, the species that populate an environment change over time. In a laboratory, however, optimal conditions can be met by growing bacteria in a closed culture environment. It is under these conditions that the curve pattern of bacterial growth can be observed. The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial population over a period of time. Lag Phase: This initial phase is characterized by cellular activity but not growth. A small group of cells are placed in a nutrient rich medium that allows them to synthesize proteins and other molecules necessary for replication. These cells increase in size, but no cell division occurs in the phase.Exponential (Log) Phase: After the lag phase, bacterial cells enter the exponential or log phase. This is the time when the cells are dividing by binary fission and doubling in numbers after each generation time. Metabolic activity is high as DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and other substances necessary for growth are generated for division. It is in this growth phase that antibiotics and disinfectants are most effective as these substances typically target bacteria cell walls or the protein synthesis processes of DNA transcription and RNA translation.Stationary Phase: Eventually, the population growth experienced in the log phase begins to decline as the available nutrients become depl eted and waste products start to accumulate. Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau, or stationary phase, where the number of dividing cells equal the number of dying cells. This results in no overall population growth. Under the less favorable conditions, competition for nutrients increases and the cells become less metabolically active. Spore forming bacteria produce endospores in this phase and pathogenic bacteria begin to generate substances (virulence factors) that help them survive harsh conditions and consequently cause disease. Death Phase: As nutrients become less available and waste products increase, the number of dying cells continues to rise. In the death phase, the number of living cells decreases exponentially and population growth experiences a sharp decline. As dying cells lyse or break open, they spill their contents into the environment making these nutrients available to other bacteria. This helps spore producing bacteria to survive long enough for spore production. Spores are able to survive the harsh conditions of the death phase and become growing bacteria when placed in an environment that supports life. Bacterial Growth and Oxygen Campylobacter jejuni, shown here, is a microaerophilic organism requiring reduced levels of oxygen. C. jejuni is the bacterium which causes gastroenteritis. Henrik Sorensen/The Image Bank/Getty Images Bacteria, like all living organisms, require an environment that is suitable for growth. This environment must meet several different factors that support bacterial growth. Such factors include oxygen, pH, temperature, and light requirements. Each of these factors may be different for different bacteria and limit the types of microbes that populate a particular environment. Bacteria can be categorized based on their oxygen requirement or tolerance levels. Bacteria that can not survive without oxygen are known as obligate aerobes. These microbes are dependent upon oxygen, as they convert oxygen to energy during cellular respiration. Unlike bacteria that require oxygen, other bacteria can not live in its presence. These microbes are called obligate anaerobes and their metabolic processes for energy production are halted in the presence of oxygen. Other bacteria are facultative anaerobes and can grow with or without oxygen. In the absence of oxygen, they utilize either fermentation or anaerobic respiration for energy production. Aerotolerant anerobes utilize anaerobic respiration but are not harmed in the presence of oxygen. Microaerophilic bacteria require oxygen but only grow where oxygen concentration levels are low. Campylobacter jejuni is an example of a microaerophilic bacterium that lives in the digestive tract of animals and is a major cause of foodborne illness in humans. Bacterial Growth and pH Helicobacter pylori are microaerophilic bacteria found in the stomach. They are neutrophiles that secrete an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid. Science Picture Co/Getty Images Another important factor for bacterial growth is pH. Acidic environments have pH values that are less that 7, neutral environments have values at or near 7, and basic environments have pH values greater than 7. Bacteria that are acidophiles thrive in areas where the pH is less than 5, with an optimal growth value close to a pH of 3. These microbes can be found in locations such as hot springs and in the human body in acidic areas such as the vagina. The majority of bacteria are neutrophiles and grow best in sites with pH values close to 7. Helicobacter pylori is an example of a neutrophile that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach. This bacterium survives by secreting an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid in the surrounding area. Alkaliphiles grow optimally at pH ranges between 8 and 10. These microbes thrive in basic environments such as alkaline soils and lakes. Bacterial Growth and Temperature New Zealands Champagne Pool is a hot spring that contains a community of thermophilic and acidophilic microorganisms whose distribution relates to the temperature and chemical environment. Simon Hardenne/Biosphoto/Getty Images Temperature is another important factor for bacterial growth. Bacteria that grow best in cooler environments are called psycrophiles. These microbes prefer temperatures ranging between 4 °C and 25 °C (39 °F and 77 °F). Extreme psycrophiles thrive in temperatures below 0 °C/32 °F and can be found in places such as arctic lakes and deep ocean waters. Bacteria that thrive in moderate temperatures (20-45 °C/68-113 °F) are called mesophiles. These include bacteria that are part of the human microbiome which experience optimum growth at or near body temperature (37 °C/98.6 °F). Thermophiles grow best in hot temperatures (50-80 °C/122-176 °F) and can be found in hot springs and geothermal soils. Bacteria that favor extremely hot temperatures (80 °C-110 °C/122-230 °F) are called hyperthermophiles. Bacterial Growth and Light Cyanobacteria (blue) are photosynthesizing bacteria that are found in most habitats where water is present. Several spores (pink) are also seen. Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Some bacteria require light for growth. These microbes have light-capturing pigments that are able to gather light energy at certain wavelengths and convert it to chemical energy. Cyanobacteria are examples of photoautotrophs that require light for photosynthesis. These microbes contain the pigment chlorophyll for light absorption and oxygen production through photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria live in both land and aquatic environments and can also exist as phytoplankton living in symbiotic relationships with fungi (lichen), protists, and plants.   Other bacteria, such as purple and green bacteria, do not produce oxygen and utilize sulfide or sulfur for photosynthesis. These bacteria contain bacteriochlorophyll, a pigment capable of absorbing shorter wavelengths of light than chlorophyll. Purple and green bacteria inhabit deep aquatic zones. Sources Jurtshuk, Peter. Bacterial Metabolism. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1996, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7919/. Parker, Nina, et al. Microbiology. OpenStax, Rice University, 2017.Preiss, et al. Alkaliphilic Bacteria with Impact on Industrial Applications, Concepts of Early Life Forms, and Bioenergetics of ATP Synthesis. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Frontiers, 10 May 2015, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00075/full.